Hubble Studies Giant Gas Bubbles Near our Galaxys Core

Its an ancient galactic mystery with a modern explanation: two million years ago, something happened at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Something energetic. Something that sent two huge bubbles of gas billowing out to space. Today, they stretch out across more than 30,000 light-years of space, extending above and below the plane of the Milky Way.  No one was around to see it then -- at least no humans on Earth. Our earliest primate  ancestors were just learning to walk upright, and astronomy was not likely on their list of activities. So, this major explosion went unnoticed. Yet, it was a titanic event, driving gases and other material outward at two million miles per hour, didnt affect our plane then and it wont likely affect us in the future. However, it does show us what happens when a massive explosion occurs some 25,000 light-years away from our planet. Hubble Sleuths the Cause of the Explosion Astronomers used  Hubble Space Telescope  to look through one lobe of the bubbles toward a very distant quasar. Thats a galaxy that is very bright in  both visible and other wavelengths of light. The quasars passed through the bubbles of gas, which allowed Hubble to peer inside the  bubble to learn more about it— like  looking at a distant light shining through a fog bank.   The enormous structure illustrated in this image was discovered five years ago as a gamma-ray glow on the sky in the direction of the galactic center. The balloon-like features have since been observed in x-rays and radio waves. The Hubble Space Telescope presented a good way to measure the velocity and composition of the mystery lobes.  With the data from HST,  astronomers will work on calculating the mass of the material being blown out of our galaxy. That might also let them figure out just what happened to send all this gas billowing out of the galaxy in the first place. What Caused this Massive Galactic Explosion? The two most likely scenarios that explain these bipolar lobes are 1) a firestorm of star birth at the Milky Ways center or 2) the eruption of its supermassive black hole.   This isnt the first time that gaseous winds and streams of material have been seen coming from the centers of galaxies, but its the first time astronomers have detected evidence for them in our own galaxy.   The giant lobes are called Fermi Bubbles. They were initially spotted using NASAs Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to track gamma-rays.  These emissions are a powerful clue that a violent event in the galaxys core aggressively launched energized gas into space. To provide more information about the outflows, Hubbles Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) studied the ultraviolet light from a distant quasar that lies beyond the base of the northern bubble. Imprinted on that light as it travels through the lobe is information about the velocity, composition, and temperature of the expanding gas inside the bubble, which only COS can provide. The COS data show that the gas is rushing from the galactic center at roughly 3 million kilometers an hour (2 million miles an hour). of the gas at approximately 17,500 degrees Fahrenheit, which is much cooler than most of the 18-million-degree gas in the outflow. This cooler gas means that some interstellar gas could be getting caught up in the outflow.   COS observations also reveal that the clouds of gas contain the elements silicon, carbon, and aluminum.  These are produced inside stars.   Does this mean that star formation or star death is involved in the original event that formed the bubbles? Astronomers think that one possible cause for the outflows is a star-making frenzy near the galactic center. Eventually, those hot, young massive stars die in supernova explosions, which blow out gas. If a lot of them exploded at once, it might spur the formation of a huge gas bubble.   Another scenario has a star or a group of stars falling onto the Milky Ways supermassive black hole. When that happens, gas superheated by the black hole blasts deep into space and that could be what filled out the bubbles.   Those bubbles are short-lived compared to the age of our galaxy (which is more than 10 billion years old). Its possible that these arent the first bubbles to billow out from the core. It could have happened before.   Astronomers will continue to look at these bubbles using distant quasars as illuminators, so it might not be too long before we hear just what it was that caused a huge commotion at the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy.  They may well also be interested in studying smaller such bubbles that form as a result of supernova explosions and the actions of hot young stars. Such bubbles actually work to protect systems encased within. One example is the Local Interstellar Cloud, which encases the solar system today. In a few tens of thousands of years, the Sun and planets will move outside of it, exposing our system to radiation levels it hasnt experienced for a long time.

Advertising And Peer Pressure Advertising - 1564 Words

Advertising and Peer Pressure Advertising on social media is a necessary evil. It is required to keep sites free to use. Social media is especially attractive to advertisers. Advertisers can target a more specific group of people based on information collected by the sites. Facebook began using advertisements back in 2006 to generate income. Meanwhile Twitter began using â€Å"promoted tweets† in 2010 as an income source. Promoted tweets are ordinary tweets purchased by advertisers who want to reach a wider audience. Both sites have pushed advertising to mobile devices as well, further increasing its reach. More teens are becoming body-conscious in their early teens. Experts blame social media and celebrity culture for putting these unrealistic images in the minds of teens. â€Å"One in 10 teenage girls is ‘extremely worried’ about becoming fat and one in four has tried dieting, the first large-scale study of its kind has found.† Two thirds of 13-year-old girls are afraid of putting o n weight and as a result, more than half of them avoid certain foods, according to the study by the National Institute for Health Research.† It is also notable that those who practice unhealthy weight control methods were 40% more likely than other children to be overweight and 90% more likely to be obese, by the age of 15 (Dixon). Teens are becoming very self-conscious of their body image and these expectations are shown in advertising on their social media page. They see it everywhere they go.Show MoreRelatedAlcohol Advertising Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. 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Meret Oppenheim A Woman Before Her Time - 1695 Words

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Pile Foundations Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction:A deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the deepness they are embedded into the land. There are many grounds a geotechnical applied scientist would urge a deep foundation over a shallow foundation. but some of the common grounds are really big design tonss. a hapless dirt at shallow deepness. or site restraints ( like belongings lines ) . There are different footings used to depict different types of deep foundations including the heap ( which is correspondent to a pole ) . the wharf ( which is correspondent to a column ) . drilled shafts. and coffers. Hemorrhoids are by and large driven into the land in situ ; other deep foundations are typically put in topographic point utilizing digging and boring. The appellative conventions may change between technology subjects and houses. Deep foundations can be made out of lumber. steel. reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. Development:I-When do we necessitate pile foundations: ·Top beds of dirt are extremely compressible for it to back up structural tonss through shallow foundations.  ·Lateral forces are comparatively outstanding. ·In presence of expansive and collapsable dirts at the site.  ·Offshore constructions ·Strong uplift forces on shallow foundations due to shoal H2O tabular array can be partially transmitted to Piles.  ·For constructions near fluxing H2O ( Bridge abutments. etc. ) to avoid the jobs due to eroding. II-Why to utilize pile foundations: ·Inadequate Bearing Capacity of ShallowFoundations ·To Prevent Uplift Forces ·To Reduce Excessive Settlement III-How do they work: ·By Friction between the hemorrhoids and the dirt such as in Fig. 1: Fig. 1  ·End bearing hemorrhoids such as in Fig. 2 were the bed stone reaction force is of import. Fig. 2 IV-Types of hemorrhoids:1. Steel Hemorrhoids ·Pipe hemorrhoids. pipe hemorrhoids are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good campaigner for beat-up hemorrhoids. Pipe hemorrhoids can be driven either unfastened terminal or closed terminal. When goaded unfastened terminal. dirt is allowed to come in the underside of the pipe or tubing. If an empty pipe is required. a jet of H2O or an plumbers snake can be used to take the dirt inside following drive. Closed terminal pipe hemorrhoids are constructed by covering the underside of the heap with a steel home base or dramatis personae steel shoe.  ·Rolled steel H-section hemorrhoids. H-Piles are structural beams that are driven in the land for deep foundation application. They can be easy cut off or joined by welding or mechanical drive-fit splicers. If the heap is driven into a dirt with low pH value. so there is a hazard of corrosion. coal-tar epoxy or cathodic protection can be applied to decelerate or extinguish the cor rosion procedure. It is common to let for an sum of corrosion in design by merely over dimensioning the cross-sectional country of the steel heap. In this manner the corrosion procedure can be prolonged up to 50 old ages. 2. Concrete HemorrhoidsConcrete hemorrhoids are typically made with steel reinforcing and prestressing sinews to obtain the tensile strength required. to last handling and drive. and to supply sufficient flexing opposition. Long hemorrhoids can be hard to manage and transport. Pile articulations can be used to fall in two or more short hemorrhoids to organize one long heap. Pile articulations can be used with both precast and prestressed concrete hemorrhoids.  ·Pre-cast Piles. These hemorrhoids are molded and prepared to be transferred to the site. either to be instantly used or transferred as parts to be collected.  ·Cast-in-situ Piles. These hemorrhoids are molded in working site. casts are prepared so concrete is put in and waited for to maturate.  ·Bored-in-situ hemorrhoids. These hemorrhoids are drilled- bored- in situ. this procedure requires a â€Å"male† and a â€Å"female heap were one is drilled through the other. 3. Timber Piles. are simple designed hemorrhoids. Main consideration sing lumber hemorrhoids is that they should be protected from decomposing above groundwater degree. Timber will last for a long clip below the groundwater degree. For lumber to decompose. two elements are needed: H2O and O. Below the groundwater degree. O is missing even though there is ample H2O. Hence. timber tends to last for a long clip below groundwater degree. It has been reported that some lumber hemorrhoids used during 16th century in Venice still survive since they were below groundwater degree. 4. Composite Piles. are hemorrhoids made of steel and concrete members that are fastened together. stop to stop. to organize a individual heap. It is a combination of different stuffs or different molded stuffs such as pipe and H-beams or steel and concrete. V-Advantages and Disadvantages of Piles Harmonizing to Type: 1. Steel Hemorrhoids: ? Usual length: 15 m – 60 m? Usual Load: 300 kN – 1200 kN ·? Advantage:I. Relatively less fuss during installing and easy to accomplish cutoff degree.two. High driving force may be used for fast installingthree. Good to perforate difficult stratafour. Load transporting capacity is high ·? Disadvantage:I. Relatively expensivetwo. Noise pollution during installingthree. Corrosionfour. Bend in hemorrhoids while driving 2. Concrete hemorrhoids:?- Pre-cast Hemorrhoids:1- Usual length: 10 m – 45 m2- Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN?- Cast-in-situ Hemorrhoids:1- Usual length: 5 m – 15 m2- Usual Load: 200 kN – 500 kN ·? Advantage:I. Relatively inexpensivetwo. It can be easy combined with concrete superstructurethree. Corrosion resistantfour. It can bear difficult drive ·? Disadvantage:I. Difficult to transporttwo. Difficult to accomplish desired cutoff VI-Types of Piles Based on Their Functions and Effect of Installation: Effectss of Installation of Piles. ·Displacement Hemorrhoids ·Non-displacement Hemorrhoids1. Displacement Hemorrhoids:I. In loose cohesionless dirtsDensifies the dirt upto a distance of 3. 5 times the heap diameter ( 3. 5D ) which increases the soil’s opposition to shearingThe clash angle varies from the pile surface to the bound of compacted dirt two. In heavy cohesionless dirtsThe dilatancy consequence decreases the clash angle within the zone of influence of supplanting heap ( 3. 5D approx. ) .Supplanting hemorrhoids are non effectual in heavy littorals due to above ground.three. In cohesive dirtsDirt is remolded near the supplanting hemorrhoids ( 2. 0 D approx. ) taking to a reduced value of shearing opposition. Pore-pressure is generated during installing doing lower effectual emphasis and accordingly lower shearing opposition. Excess pore-pressure dissipates over the clip and dirt regains its strength. 2. Non-displacement Hemorrhoids I. Due to no supplanting during installing. there is no heaving in the land.two. Cast unmoved hemorrhoids may be cased or uncased ( by taking casing as concreting advancements ) . They may be provided with support if economical with their reduced diameter.three. Enlarged underside terminals ( three times pile diameter ) may be provided in cohesive dirts taking to much larger point bearing provided in cohesive dirts taking to much larger point bearing capacity. four. Dirt on the sides may soften due to reach with wet concrete or during tiring itself. This may take to loss of its shear strength.v. ? Concreting under H2O may be disputing and may ensue in waisting or gorgerin of concrete in squashing land.six. ? Example: Bored cast unmoved or pre-cast hemorrhoids Decision:In decision. Hemorrhoids are to work out the job of the land normally non fit to manage great tonss from edifices above. and therefore we create hemorrhoids. of different steps. types and stuff used all to be equal in what we need. Reference list: Garrison. P. ( 2005 ) Basics constructions for applied scientists and designers. School of the Built Environment. Leeds Metropolitan University. Black Well published. L. O. Anderson and O. C. Heyer ISO ( 2005 ) Certified Geotechnical Survey Services. Reach Us Now For Details.